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Intermediate4 equations~7 hours

Thermodynamics and Heat Engines

Entropy, free energy, and the laws that power industry.

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  1. 1

    Ideal Gas Law

    Beginner
    PV=nRTPV = nRT

    Pressure times volume equals amount of gas times constant times temperature.

    Physical Sciences
    Thermodynamics
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  2. 2

    Entropy Equation

    Advanced
    ΔS=∫δQrevT\Delta S = \int \frac{\delta Q_{\text{rev}}}{T}

    Entropy change equals reversible heat transfer divided by temperature—a measure of disorder.

    Physical Sciences
    Thermodynamics
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  3. 3

    Carnot Efficiency

    Intermediate
    η=1−TCTH\eta = 1 - \frac{T_C}{T_H}

    Maximum efficiency of any heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs.

    Physical Sciences
    Thermodynamics
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  4. 4

    Gibbs Free Energy

    Intermediate
    ΔG=ΔH−TΔS\Delta G = \Delta H - T\Delta S

    Spontaneity of a process depends on enthalpy change minus temperature times entropy change.

    Chemical Sciences
    Physical Chemistry
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