Space Sciences
Astrophysics
1870
AdvancedVirial Theorem
For gravitationally bound systems in equilibrium, kinetic energy equals half the potential energy magnitude.
By Clausius, Various
Space Sciences
Virial Theorem
1870 · Clausius
Why it matters: Estimates masses of invisible systems from velocity dispersions.
Discoverers: Clausius, Various (1870)
What does it mean?
For gravitationally bound systems in equilibrium, kinetic energy equals half the potential energy magnitude.
Why should I care?
Estimates masses of invisible systems from velocity dispersions.
Variables & Units
| Symbol | Name | Unit | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinetic energy | — | Total kinetic energy | |
| Potential energy | — | Gravitational potential energy |
Worked Example
Galaxy cluster velocity dispersion reveals total mass including dark matter.
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Sources & further reading
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Real-world impact
Cosmic exploration
Expansion equations guide modern astrophysics.
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For gravitationally bound systems in equilibrium, kinetic energy equals half the potential energy magnitude.
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