Hardy-Weinberg Equation

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Allele frequencies remain constant across generations under ideal conditions.

By G.H. Hardy, Wilhelm Weinberg

Biological Sciences

1908 · G.H. Hardy

Why it matters: Null model for population genetics—deviations reveal evolution in action.

Discoverers: G.H. Hardy, Wilhelm Weinberg (1908)

What does it mean?

Allele frequencies remain constant across generations under ideal conditions.

Null model for population genetics—deviations reveal evolution in action.

Symbol	Name	Unit	Meaning
$p$	Dominant allele freq	—	Frequency of allele A
$q$	Recessive allele freq	—	Frequency of allele a, q=1-p
$p²$	AA genotype	—	Homozygous dominant frequency
$2pq$	Aa genotype	—	Heterozygous frequency

p=0.7, q=0.3 → AA=49%, Aa=42%, aa=9%.

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p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

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Allele frequencies remain constant across generations under ideal conditions.

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